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American Psychological Association

At the 1996 meeting of the American Psychological Association, James Pennebaker—now chair of the psychology department at the University of Texas—delivered an invited address, describing his research on the benefits of therapeutic writing. Rather than follow the normal approach to an academic conference presentation, showing graphs and statistical tests to support his arguments, Pennebaker told a story. In the mid-1980s, when Pennebaker’s lab was starting to study the effects of structured writing on physical and psychological health, one study participant was an American soldier who had served in the Vietnam War. Like many others, this soldier experienced difficulty adjusting to what had happened during the war and consequent trouble reintegrating into “normal” life. In Pennebaker’s study, he was asked to simply spend 15 minutes per day, over the course of a week, writing about a traumatic experience—in this case, his tour of duty in Vietnam. At the end of this week, as might have been expected, this veteran felt awful, revisiting unpleasant memories over a decade old. But over the next few weeks, amazing things started to happen: The soldier slept better; he made fewer visits to his doctor; he even reconnected with his wife after a long separation.

Pennebaker’s presentation was a case study, which provides a detailed, in-depth analysis of one person over a period of time. Although this case study was collected as part of a larger quantitative experiment, case studies are usually conducted in a therapeutic setting and involve a series of interviews. An interviewer will typically study the subject in detail, recording everything from direct quotes and observations to his or her own interpretations. We encountered this technique briefly in Chapter 2 (2.1), in discussing Oliver Sacks’s case studies of individuals learning to live with neurological impairments.

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Pros and Cons of Case Studies

Case studies in psychology are a form of qualitative research and represent the lowest point on our continuum of control. Because they involve one person at a time, without a control group, case studies are often unsystematic. That is, the participants are chosen, rather than selected randomly, because they tell a compelling story or because they represent an unusual set of circumstances. Studying these individuals allows for a great deal of exploration, which can often inspire future research. However, it is nearly impossible to generalize from one case study to the larger population. In addition, because the case study includes both direct observation and the researcher’s interpretation, a researcher’s biases run the risk of influencing the interpretations. For example, Pennebaker’s personal investment in demonstrating that writing has health benefits could have led to more positive interpretations of the Vietnam veteran’s outcomes. However, in this particular case study, the benefits of writing mirror those seen in hundreds of controlled experimental studies involving thousands of people, so we can feel confident in the conclusions from the single case.

Case studies have two distinct advantages over other forms of research. First is the simple fact that anecdote

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