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The northern European Reformation was based largely in the cities. French Protestantism began as a predominantly urban movement, with its roots in major cities such as Lyons, Orléans, Paris, Poitiers, and Rouen. In Germany, more than fifty of the sixty-five “Imperial Cities” responded positively to the Reformation, with only five choosing to ignore it alto- gether. In Switzerland, the Reformation originated in an urban context (Zurich), and spread through a process of public debate within other Swiss cities such as Bern and Basel, and other cities or regions – such as Geneva and St. Gallen – linked to these cities by treaty obligations.
It is becoming increasingly clear that the success or failure of the Reformation in these cities was dependent in part upon political and social factors. By the late fifteenth and early sixteenth centuries, the city councils of the imperial cities had managed to gain a substantial degree of independence. In effect, each city seems to have regarded itself as a miniature city-state, with the city council functioning as a government and the remainder of the inhabitants as subjects.
The growth in the size and importance of the cities of Germany is one of the more significant elements in late fourteenth- and fifteenth-century history. An extended food crisis, linked with the ravages of the Black Death, led to an agrarian crisis. Wheat prices dropped alarmingly in the period 1450–1520, leading to rural depopulation as agricultural workers migrated to the cities in the hope of finding food and employment. Denied access both to the trade guilds and to the city councils, discontent grew within this new urban proletariat.
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